AI-driven perioperative risk stratification and complication management in craniomaxillofacial surgery: current...

Craniomaxillofacial surgery is characterized by complex anatomy, high surgical risks, and diverse perioperative complications. Conventional perioperative management relies heavily on surgeons' subjective experience and lacks standardized, quantifiable risk stratification tools. Artificial intelligence provides a promising strategy for precise and intelligent perioperative care in craniomaxillofacial surgery. This review summarizes recent advances in AI applications for perioperative risk stratification and complication management, focusing on three core domains: preoperative risk assessment and optimization, intraoperative decision support and safety monitoring, and postoperative risk stratification and outcome quantification. Key challenges are discussed regarding data quality and generalizability, model interpretability and clinical trust, and clinical translation and implementation. Future directions are proposed for multimodal AI, explainable AI, and generative AI to establish personalized perioperative management systems. This review aims to provide a structured reference for the intelligent development of perioperative care in craniomaxillofacial surgery.