Electrochemistry for Sustainable and Low-Carbon Technologies: Energy Conversion, Carbon Neutrality, and Green...

Electrochemical technologies are emerging as core enablers of deep decarbonization across power, fuels, and chemicals. This review synthesizes progress in water electrolysis and hydrogen evolution, fuel cells and rechargeable batteries, and electrochemical CO₂ reduction (CO₂RR), emphasizing catalyst design, interfacial microenvironment control, and reactor integration that elevate activity, selectivity, and durability toward practical current densities. We highlight how coupling electrochemical steps with membranes, gas-diffusion/flow architectures, and system-level integration (e.g., with CO₂ capture or hydrogen storage) accelerates scale-up and cost reduction. Beyond energy conversion, we survey electrochemical routes for wastewater treatment, resource recovery, and green electrosynthesis that replace stoichiometric reagents with electrons, reducing process footprints. Finally, we outline cross-cutting challenges-long-term stability, transport losses, and techno-economic constraints-and future directions in operando diagnosis, data-driven discovery, and process intensification. Collectively, these advances position electrochemistry at the nexus of renewable electricity and sustainable manufacturing, providing modular, flexible pathways toward a circular, low-carbon economy.