Unraveling chikungunya's viral tapestry through molecular mechanisms and clinical insights

Chikungunya fever (CHIKF) is an arthropod-borne viral disease caused by the chikungunya virus (CHIKV). Patients typically present with fever and symmetric distal polyarthralgia, which may progress to chronic joint sequelae. This review was conducted to systematically examine CHIKF's virological characteristics, immunopathogenic mechanisms, global and regional epidemiology, and clinical manifestations as well as diagnostic approaches and treatment options. CHIKV may be present in areas previously considered nonendemic, as increased international travel, high urban population densities, and favorable vector ecology facilitate viral transmission. Effective CHIKF control requires the implementation of enhanced surveillance, targeted vector control measures, and standardized clinical management protocols. Considering CHIKV's genomic diversity and immune-driven pathogenesis and the wide spectrum of acute and chronic disease conditions, continuous monitoring and adaptive control measures tailored to specific settings are required.