Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 5, 2026

Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) and Insulin Tolerance Test (ITT)
Published on: January 7, 2018
Beyond Glycemia in T1D: Insulin Resistance and Multiorgan Injury in Type 1 Diabetes-Part 2
Jairo A Pinzon Cortes1, Phoom Narongkiatikhun2, Coco Fuhri Snethlage3
1Division of Endocrinology Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; Diabetes Department, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
None:
Insulin resistance (IR) in type 1 diabetes drives multiorgan injury that extends far beyond glycemic dysregulation. Subcutaneous insulin delivery reverses the portal-to-peripheral insulin gradient, downregulating peripheral insulin receptors and promoting ectopic lipogenesis. Excess insulin drives concurrent hepatorenal injury by promoting metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and IR in the liver while inducing hyperfiltration and increased vascular permeability in the kidneys. Visceral adiposity and atherogenic dyslipidemia accelerate vascular aging, with subclinical cardiac dysfunction occurring in adolescents. We advocate shifting from glucocentric care to a holistic Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic framework incorporating insulin sensitivity estimation, steatosis and cardiovascular screening, and targeted adjunctive pharmacotherapy.
Related Concept Videos
Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology
Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology
Type II Diabetes I: Introduction
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational
Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in the...