From signal to action: integrating emerging technologies into mosquito-borne disease control

Mosquito-borne disease control is increasingly challenged by transmission patterns that evade established tools. This review examines emerging technologies across the surveillance-to-intervention pathway. Smart traps, AI-assisted classification, aerial and remote sensing, sequencing, mosquito-derived and environmental samples, and field diagnostics are beginning to form a layered surveillance architecture that links local and long-range vector dynamics with pathogen detection. Wolbachia, natural and engineered symbionts, entomopathogenic fungi, and transgenic biocontrol tools extend control beyond direct killing, offering different balances of efficacy, controllability, persistence, cost, and biosafety. We assess how these technologies coordinate to generate actionable signals or durable transmission-reducing effects while fitting clear response pathways and remaining useful under ecological complexity, with any associated risks clearly characterized and managed with confidence.