The impact of climatic extreme temperatures on gut microbiome-mediated cardio-metabolic health

Climate change increases extreme temperature events, like heat and cold waves. Temperature stress can cause gut dysbiosis, potentially affecting cardiometabolic health. In temperature stress conditions, beneficial microbes like Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, and favourable metabolites like short-chain fatty acids are observed to be downregulated, while features like Proteobacteria and Prevotella were found to be upregulated. These alterations may lead to upregulation of lipopolysaccharides, trimethylamine N-oxide, and dysregulation in bile acid metabolism, highlighting this as a potential biomarker for disease risk. Furthermore, we discussed mechanistic pathways potentially impacted, including endothelial dysfunction, gut barrier integrity, and energy homeostasis, that link microbial perturbations to metabolic dysfunction and increased risk of cardiometabolic diseases. Moreover, this review proposes potential therapeutic strategies like faecal microbiota transplantation, probiotic supplementation, nanomedicine, and dietary modulation that target the gut microbiome to alleviate the cardiometabolic risks exacerbated by temperature stress. This is the first review to comprehensively synthesize recent scientific findings on the impact of temperature stress on the gut microbiome across multiple animal models and its potential implications on cardiometabolic health.