[Research progress on chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of animal gallbladder-derived TCMs]

Animal gallbladder-derived TCMs, such as those from pigs, bears, snakes, and chickens, are rich in constituents including bile acids, proteins, amino acids, and trace elements. They have been traditionally used for their properties in clearing heat, detoxifying, relieving cough, and improving vision. This article systematically reviewed the chemical composition and pharmacological activities of animal gallbladder-derived TCMs. It focused on elucidating the molecular mechanisms through which their active components exerted anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and glucolipid metabolism-regulating effects, primarily by modulating nuclear and membrane receptors, influencing ion channels, and regulating related signaling pathways. Comparisons of similarities and differences among medicinal materials from various sources were also presented. This review aimed to provide a theoretical basis for the modern research and clinical translation of this category of TCMs.