Interventional Procedures in Musculoskeletal Regenerative Medicine

Regenerative techniques are a rapidly expanding frontier in the interventional treatment of musculoskeletal disorders, involving endogenous mechanisms and bioactive molecules to repair tissue and modulate inflammation. Despite extensive basic research, the evidence supporting clinical use is highly heterogeneous and limited by variability in cell sources, preparation protocols and patient selection, high risk of bias, small sample sizes, and short follow-up periods. This article presents a critical overview regarding viscosupplementation, prolotherapy, platelet-rich plasma, collagen, stem cell and bone marrow aspirate concentrate therapy for osteoarthritis, chronic low back pain, tendinopathies, ligament, muscle, meniscal, and bone lesions.