Single-Nanoparticle Detection Using Quasi-Bound States in the Continuum Supported by Silicon Metasurfaces

The detection of single particles or molecules represents a critical milestone in the development of biosensing technologies. Optical sensors based on quasi-bound states in the continuum (qBICs) have primarily focused on detecting global refractive index changes, whereas detection of local refractive index perturbations, such as the binding of a nanometer-sized molecule on a surface, remains elusive because of limited quality (Q) factors and relatively large mode volumes. Here, we demonstrate low-contrast BIC metasurfaces that can perform sensing with a virus-sized single-nanoparticle resolution. The qBIC resonance operating at the critical coupling condition exhibits an experimental Q factor of 4.5 × 10⁴ in heavy water. The strong interactions between the localized electric field and polystyrene nanoparticles with a diameter of 100 nm enable the experimental observation of step-like resonance wavelength shifts, serving as signatures of individual particle binding events. Furthermore, binding-induced modifications to the qBIC resonance alter the optical confinement and asymmetry factor, inducing changes not only in the resonance wavelength but also in the linewidth and amplitude with single-particle sensitivity. Combined with position-insensitive response and free-space accessible features, low-contrast BIC metasurfaces provide a user-friendly platform for next-generation single-nanoparticle sensing integrated with microfluidic systems.