Sustained Self-Powered Real-Time Vibration Monitoring Through Integrated Nonlinear Harvesting and Energy-Aware...

Continuous high-frequency data acquisition is critical for advanced structural monitoring and data-driven systems, yet remains limited by the insufficient energy budget of self-powered sensing. Existing solutions are largely confined to intermittent operation or low sampling rates, as sustained high-throughput sensing imposes prohibitive power demands. In this paper, we propose a full-stack self-powered sensing framework that overcomes this barrier via a synergistic electromechanical-circuit-sensing co-design. The system integrates a quasi-zero-stiffness (QZS) piezoelectric energy harvester (PEH) for efficient weak-excitation energy harvesting, a synchronous electric charge extraction (SECE) interface for impedance-decoupled energy extraction, and an energy-aware sensing module for efficient high-frequency operation. This integrated architecture enables sustained real-time waveform acquisition at a continuous sampling rate of approximately 48 Sa/s, achieving an unprecedented level of continuous high-frequency sensing compared to existing self-powered systems and far exceeding the limitations of intermittent operation. The system can operate using energy harvested from a single piezoelectric transducer, while maintaining stable performance over a frequency range of 6-8 Hz at a low excitation level of 0.14 g. By transforming self-powered sensing from discrete, low-rate measurements to continuous real-time monitoring, this work establishes a new paradigm for fully energy-autonomous sensing and lays the foundation for scalable, infrastructure-level deployment of intelligent monitoring systems.