Emerging trends in bone marrow organoid research: From hematopoietic microenvironment reconstruction to translational and regenerative theranostic applications

Bone marrow organ is characterized as a dynamic tissue with a complex microenvironment wherein hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) homeostasis is maintained, and the generation of various hematopoietic cell subsets is regulated. Organoids technology has been applied as an alternative tool for modeling complex tissue microenvironments in a laboratory setting through the self-organization of cells. Recent studies have established a platform capable of studying complex cellular interactions by generating bone marrow organoids (BMOs) from iPSCs. Moreover, BMOs can emulate the architecture observed of the bone marrow, including the various cell types, containing vascular-like networks, HSCs, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), and mature hematopoietic cells. This review aimed to summarize how BMOs can provide foundational data essential for understanding similarities in the microenvironment and the pathological mechanisms underlying bone marrow diseases, as well as for developing new treatments. Furthermore, BMO systems represent a cutting-edge platform for studying hematopoiesis, disease mechanisms, and therapeutic screening, highlighting the recent trend toward physiologically relevant organoid-based models in regenerative and hematopoietic research.