Conversational Large Language Models for Vestibular Diagnosis in Outpatient Clinics: Prospective Multicenter...

Vestibular disorders are common, burdensome, and frequently misdiagnosed, particularly in nonspecialist settings where history-taking is often incomplete or inconsistently structured. Digital health tools that standardize symptom elicitation could improve diagnostic triage, but most existing systems rely on static questionnaires or rule-based logic. Large language models (LLMs) offer a more flexible alternative through adaptive, natural-language consultations, but prospective evidence from real clinical workflows remains scarce.

This study aimed to benchmark LLM diagnostic performance using static vestibular histories and to prospectively evaluate a locally deployed conversational LLM agent embedded in outpatient vertigo clinics.

We conducted a 2-phase diagnostic accuracy study. In the history-based evaluation (HBE), 10 LLMs and 5 senior otolaryngologists independently reviewed 227 structured vertigo histories, including 138 real patient questionnaires and 89 expert-simulated cases. In the prospective clinical evaluation (PCE), 176 outpatients with vertigo or dizziness were included in the analytic cohort across 5 centers in China. A nurse-assisted, tablet-based agent powered by DeepSeek-R1, deployed locally within institutional infrastructure, conducted multiturn symptom-history dialogues. The agent received history information only and did not receive physical examination or ancillary test findings. Attending clinicians were blinded to the agent's output and recorded final clinical diagnoses after routine assessment. The primary outcome was Top-1 diagnostic concordance with the reference diagnosis; secondary outcomes included HBE Top-3 accuracy and disorder-specific performance.

In the HBE, Gemini-2.5-pro and o1 achieved the highest Top-1 accuracy (69.6%, 95% CI 63.2%-75.5% for each), and no LLM significantly outperformed the specialist panel majority vote (63.9%, 95% CI 57.3%-70.1%; McNemar test, P>.10 for all models). In the PCE, the median age was 51 (IQR 38-61) years, and 128 of 176 (72.7%) participants were women. The conversational agent matched the reference diagnosis in 140 of 176 (79.55%; 95% CI 72.8%-85.2%) patients. Concordance was highest for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (43/44, 97.73%; 95% CI 88.0%-99.9%) and Ménière disease (27/30, 90.00%; 95% CI 73.5%-97.9%) and lower for vestibular migraine (32/45, 71.11%; 95% CI 55.7%-83.6%) and persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (19/28, 67.86%; 95% CI 47.6%-84.1%).

A locally deployed, history-only conversational LLM agent, operated within a nurse-assisted outpatient workflow, achieved approximately 80% concordance with specialist final diagnoses in a prospective multicenter study, with particularly high performance for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. The concordance reflects the performance of the nurse-assisted agent workflow rather than the agent in isolation. These findings support the development of conversational LLMs as clinician-facing tools for structured history-taking and diagnostic support, especially in settings with limited vestibular expertise. Future studies should test whether such systems improve clinical decisions, reduce unnecessary resource use, and maintain safety across languages and health care settings.