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Updated: Aug 13, 2026

Heterogeneous Removal of Water-Soluble Ruthenium Olefin Metathesis Catalyst from Aqueous Media Via Host-Guest Interaction
Published on: August 23, 2018
Ultralow-Iridium-Stabilized Ruthenium-Based Alloy/Oxide Catalysts for Durable Acidic Water Oxidation
Zexuan Wu1, Yanxiao Wan1, Chenxuan Xie1
1School of Energy Power and Mechanical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Power Station Energy Transfer Conversion and System of Ministry of Education, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China.
Abstract:
Proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) is critical for renewable energy integration, yet it remains constrained by costly Ir-based oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts and the activity-stability trade-off of Ru-based alternatives, which suffer from lattice oxygen mechanism (LOM)-induced degradation. Herein, we report an Ir and Mn co-doped Ru/RuO2 heterostructure (IM-Ru/RuO2) synthesized via a metal-organic framework sacrificial template strategy. In this structure, trace Ir anchors lattice oxygen to suppress LOM, while Mn donates electrons to lower Ru oxidation state through asymmetric Ru-O-Mn motifs. Benefiting from this synergistic effect, IM-Ru/RuO2 exhibits an overpotential of 182 mV at 10 mA cm-2 and stability over 600 h. In situ differential electrochemical mass spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and theoretical calculations confirm that the OER proceeds predominantly through an enhanced adsorbate evolution mechanism instead of the detrimental LOM pathway. When integrated into a PEMWE device with ultralow noble-metal loadings (0.36 mgRu cm-2 and 0.024 mgIr cm-2), the catalyst delivers 1.640 V at 1 A cm-2, operates stably for 450 h, and enables a hydrogen production cost of US$0.88 kg-1-below the U.S. DOE 2031 targets. This work establishes a versatile electronic and structural engineering strategy for Ru-based catalysts to advance PEMWE toward large-scale renewable hydrogen production.
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