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Updated: Aug 13, 2026
A Novel Digital Platform for a Monitored Home-based Cardiac Rehabilitation Program
Published on: April 19, 2019
Characteristics of Tailored Text Messages Associated With Increased Physical Activity Among Cardiac Rehabilitation
Namratha Atluri1, Kashvi Gupta2, Tanima Basu3
1Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
Background:
Emerging data suggest that text message-based mobile health interventions may enhance physical activity levels in patients with cardiovascular disease enrolled in cardiac rehabilitation. The optimal characteristics of texts that lead to maximal patient engagement and drive meaningful behavioral change are not well understood.
Objective:
This study aimed to understand how text- and participant-level characteristics impact physical activity levels after text delivery.
Methods:
The VALENTINE (Virtual Application-Supported Environment to Increase Exercise) study was a randomized controlled trial designed to evaluate a mobile health intervention delivered to low- and moderate-risk adults enrolled in cardiac rehabilitation. Embedded within this study was a microrandomized trial focused on the effect of texts on physical activity levels among intervention participants. Participants in the intervention group received texts through a smartwatch (Apple Watch or Fitbit Versa) that were tailored to the time of day, day of the week (weekday vs weekend), weather, and time since enrollment in cardiac rehabilitation. Texts also differed in content type (walking vs antisedentary) and in the level of personalization (inclusion of the participant's name or not). Delivery was randomized at 4 user-selected time points daily, with participants having a 25% probability of receiving a text at any time point. The primary outcome was step count 60 minutes after a decision point. This analysis focuses on the text- and participant-level factors that moderated the intervention's effect on the primary outcome. Given potential measurement differences determined a priori, analyses were stratified by device type and phase of cardiac rehabilitation and adjusted for age, sex, and baseline activity status using a generalization of regression analysis.
Results:
More than 70,552 randomizations occurred in 108 participants (mean age 59.5, SD 10.7 years; n=36, 33.3% female; n=19, 17.6% non-White; n=68, 63% Apple Watch users) over 6 months. Overall, no text characteristics (including personalization with the participant's name) or participant characteristics (including baseline physical activity) consistently impacted text responsiveness for either device type. Although the findings were not consistently significant between device types and across phases of the trial, there was a trend toward increased responsiveness to texts that promoted walking (compared to antisedentary texts) and that were delivered to younger (aged <65 years) and male participants.
Conclusions:
In this randomized clinical trial, we found that tailored texts improved physical activity levels among cardiac rehabilitation enrollees in the initiation phase, but this effect was not explained by text- or participant-level moderators. Additional work is needed to explore the impact of tailoring based on an extended set of personal and environmental factors to optimize the delivery and efficacy of text message-based interventions.
Trial Registration:
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04587882; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04587882.
International Registered Report Identifier (Irrid):
RR2-10.1016/j.ahj.2022.02.012.
