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How to dissolve cellulose in water: Alkaline conditions
Björn Lindman1, Håkan Wennerström1, Bruno Medronho2
1Division of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, POBox 124, SE22100, Lund, Sweden.
Carbohydrate Polymers
|August 12, 2026
Summary
This study reviews the thermodynamics of cellulose dissolution in aqueous systems. It highlights the balance between electrostatic and hydrophobic forces, explaining why cellulose dissolves better at low temperatures.
Area of Science:
- Chemistry
- Materials Science
- Thermodynamics
Background:
- Cellulose dissolution in water is crucial for industrial applications.
- Alkaline solutions like sodium hydroxide can dissolve cellulose, but only at low temperatures.
- Understanding cellulose solubility is key to developing new materials and processes.
Purpose of the Study:
- To present a thermodynamic framework for cellulose dissolution in aqueous systems.
- To elucidate the roles of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions in cellulose solubility.
- To explain the temperature dependence of cellulose solubility and phase behavior.
Main Methods:
- Review of existing literature on cellulose dissolution thermodynamics.
- Analysis of electrostatic and hydrophobic contributions to solubility.
- Thermodynamic modeling to explain experimental observations and phase maps.
Main Results:
- Cellulose dissolution in alkaline media is driven by hydroxide-induced ionization.
- Hydrophobic interactions play a significant role in opposing cellulose dissolution.
- A thermodynamic model accurately reproduces temperature-dependent solubility and phase behavior.
Conclusions:
- The thermodynamic framework explains cellulose dissolution based on electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions.
- Low temperatures favor cellulose dissolution due to these interactions.
- Further research can explore additives, counterions, and solution stability for optimized cellulose processing.
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