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A New Technique for Treating Low-risk Prostate Cancer—Super Active Surveillance
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A New Technique for Treating Low-risk Prostate Cancer—Super Active Surveillance

Published on: November 7, 2025

Why Look Further When the Solution Is in Front of You - or Is It? The Value of Confirmatory PSA in Prostate Cancer

Antti S Rannikko1, Tuomas P Kilpeläinen2, Anssi Auvinen3

  • 1Department of Urology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; iCAN-Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, Helsinki, Finland.

European Urology
|August 12, 2026
PubMed

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In healthcare diagnostics, laboratory tests play a crucial role in identifying and diagnosing a wide range of medical conditions. However, interpreting test results is not always straightforward. An abnormal test result does not always confirm the presence of a disease, just as a normal result does not guarantee its absence. To assess the reliability of these diagnostic tools, healthcare practitioners rely on two key statistical indicators: sensitivity and specificity.
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The process of hypothesis testing based on the P-value method includes calculating the P- value using the sample data and interpreting it.
First, a specific claim about the population parameter is proposed. The claim is based on the research question and is stated in a simple form. Further, an opposing statement to the claim  is also stated. These statements can act as null and alternative hypotheses:  a null hypothesis would be a neutral statement while the alternative hypothesis can have a...
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P-value

P-value is one of the most crucial concepts in statistics.
P-value stands for the probability value.  P-value is the probability that, if the null hypothesis is true, the results from another randomly selected sample will be as extreme or more extreme as the results obtained from the given sample.
A large P-value calculated from the data indicates to  not reject the null hypothesis. But a higher P-value does not mean that the null hypothesis is true. The smaller the P-value, the more unlikely...