The ESG-FLW Index: A Multidimensional Composite Index for Comparing Food Loss and Waste Valorisation Pathways

Food loss and waste (FLW) constitutes a structural challenge for agri-food systems. However, current analytical tools for assessing management and valorisation options remain fragmented across disciplines. Existing frameworks rarely capture within a single structure the environmental, social, and economic-institutional feasibility dimensions needed to compare alternative recovery pathways. This study introduces the ESG-FLW Index, a multidimensional composite index designed to support comparative evaluation of FLW valorisation strategies, with particular attention to recovery for human consumption. The index draws on a comparative analysis of eight established frameworks. It integrates Life Cycle Assessment for the environmental pillar; Techno-Economic Assessment together with compliance, data-quality, scalability, and replicability indicators for the governance pillar; and Social Return on Investment for the social pillar. These components are aggregated through Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis, following methodological guidance for robust composite indicators. The framework aligns explicitly with the Food Waste Hierarchy and SDG Target 12.3. It also includes hurdle criteria to limit the risk that high aggregate scores obscure critical shortcomings. As a proof of concept, the index was applied to the CiboAmico redistribution programme. Redistribution scored substantially higher than composting (85.1 versus 30.7). The ranking remained stable under ±20% weight variations and Monte Carlo simulations (n = 1000). The ESG-FLW Index offers a transparent and replicable decision-support tool. It is best suited to relative comparison among options and to making sustainability trade-offs explicit.