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Metastases to the Male Breast: A Systematic Review
Nikolaos S Georgopoulos1, Maria Papadoliopoulou1, Alexios Kozonis2
14th Department of Surgery, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece.
Cancers
|August 13, 2026
Summary
Metastases to the male breast from extramammary tumors are rare, often indicating advanced disease. Accurate diagnosis via histology and immunohistochemistry is vital for appropriate treatment, distinguishing secondary breast cancer from primary breast malignancy.
Area of Science:
- Oncology
- Pathology
Background:
- Extramammary malignant tumors rarely metastasize to the male breast, representing a rare clinical challenge.
- Existing literature lacks a systematic review on secondary breast involvement in males.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review literature on male breast metastases from extramammary tumors.
- To analyze clinical presentation, imaging, histology, and management strategies.
Main Methods:
- Systematic review of PubMed/MEDLINE database up to December 2025.
- Analysis of 98 articles meeting inclusion criteria from 376 identified records.
Main Results:
- 192 cases identified, predominantly from case reports/series; mean age 58.
- Common primary tumors: prostate, lung, melanoma; metastases indicate advanced disease.
- Diagnosis relies on biopsy, histology, and immunohistochemistry; management targets systemic disease.
Conclusions:
- Histology and immunohistochemistry are critical for differentiating metastatic disease from primary breast cancer in males.
- Identifying breast metastases alters the therapeutic approach compared to primary breast malignancy.
