Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 19, 2026

Identification and Quantification of Decomposition Mechanisms in Lithium-Ion Batteries; Input to Heat Flow Simulation for Modeling Thermal Runaway
Published on: March 7, 2022
Beyond the battery paradox: A technical review of 4th-Generation ENDS architecture and a strategic circular design
Anna Pražanová1, Zbyněk Plachý1, Daniel-Ioan Stroe2
1Department of Energy, Aalborg University, Øst, Aalborg, Denmark; Department of Electrotechnology, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
Abstract:
The global rise of 4th-generation Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) has triggered a critical environmental crisis driven by an integrated architecture that prevents material separation-a phenomenon termed the "battery paradox.' While clinical impacts are well-documented, the engineering challenges of circular design remain underexplored. This review systematically describes the architectural evolution of ENDS through a bibliometric analysis of 21 key studies (2010-2026), mapping the transition from chemical assessments to contemporary circular-economy challenges. The study identifies a systemic failure in material recovery across monitored regional streams, though global data coverage is currently uneven, so extrapolating to all markets requires caution. However, forensic analysis from key markets reveals that lead concentrations in ENDS leachate can reach up to 50 mg/L, exceeding hazardous waste limits by tenfold. To address these failures, a strategic redesign framework based on the Life Cycle Design Strategy (LiDS) is proposed for "disposable ENDS'. Achieving material circularity requires a mandatory shift toward modularity, supported by Digital Product Passports (DPP) and Deposit Return Schemes (DRS). Such measures are essential to transform ENDS from a hazardous environmental liability into a viable source of technical nutrients within a circular economy.
Related Concept Videos
Batteries and Fuel Cells
DC Battery
Design Example
Creative Thinking
Divergent thinking is the...
Series and Parallel Capacitors
First, consider capacitors connected in series to a battery. In this configuration, the plate connected to the battery's positive terminal develops a positive charge, while the plate attached to the negative terminal becomes negatively charged. An equal magnitude of charge is induced on the other...
Power Dissipated in a Circuit: Problem Solving
The simplest combinations of resistors are series and parallel connections. In a series circuit, the first resistor's output current flows into the second resistor's input; therefore, each resistor's current is the same. Thus, the equivalent resistance is the algebraic sum of the resistances. The current through the circuit can be found from Ohm's law and is equal to the battery's emf...
