Micronized Extracellular Matrix Particles for Tissue Repair: Mechanisms and Applications

Micronized extracellular matrix (mECM) comprises a class of micron-scale particulate biomaterials derived from native extracellular matrix or decellularized extracellular matrix. Compared with conventional bulk ECM/dECM scaffolds, mECM offers distinct advantages in injectability, local conformability, and integration into composite systems, making it increasingly attractive for tissue repair and regenerative medicine. This review systematically summarizes the fundamental concept, material characteristics, and major mechanisms through which mECM facilitates tissue repair, including the regulation of cell behavior via biomimetic microenvironments, modulation of the immune microenvironment, and the retention, presentation, and delivery of bioactive cues. Recent advances in the application of mECM for the repair of skin and soft tissue, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and neural tissues are also discussed. Collectively, mECM should not be viewed merely as a micronized form of conventional ECM materials, but rather as a functional biomaterial platform that integrates biological activity with engineering adaptability. With continued progress in mechanistic understanding and the standardization of preparation and evaluation strategies, mECM is expected to open new avenues for the clinical translation of ECM-derived biomaterials.