Sun Exposure and Photoprotection Knowledge, Habits, and Attitudes Among Spanish Military Personnel

The incidence of skin cancer continues to rise, with ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure representing its main modifiable risk factor. Military personnel constitute a particularly vulnerable population due to the combination of occupational and recreational sun exposure, together with operational constraints related to uniforms and working conditions. The aim of this study was to assess knowledge, habits, and attitudes related to sun exposure and photoprotection among Spanish military personnel, and to explore differences in photoprotective practices according to sociodemographic and professional variables.

A cross-sectional observational study was conducted using a validated self-administered questionnaire in a sample of 500 active-duty Spanish military personnel from different ranks. Data collected included sociodemographic and phenotypic characteristics, knowledge, habits, and attitudes. Descriptive analyses and bivariate inferential analyses using non-parametric tests were performed.

Most participants reported frequent sun exposure in both occupational and leisure settings, with longer daily exposure during leisure time; 81.6% reported exposure of ≥ 3 h per day. Overall, 73.4% experienced at least one sunburn in the previous year. Sunglasses and sunscreen were the most commonly adopted photoprotective measures, whereas avoidance of peak sun hours and use of protective clothing were infrequent. Knowledge of UV radiation risks was generally high, although misconceptions persisted regarding shade protection and vitamin D exposure. Photoprotective practices were significantly poorer during leisure time than during occupational activities (p < 0.01).

Spanish military personnel demonstrate adequate knowledge and positive attitudes toward photoprotection but insufficient protective practices, particularly outside the occupational setting. These findings highlight the need to strengthen health education and integrate photoprotection into military training and operational environments.