Quaternary cellulose adsorbents for environmental applications: preparation, properties, and future prospects

Cellulose, the most abundant natural polymer, has gained notable attention in recent years for environmental applications owing to its biodegradability, renewability, and ease of modification. Among cellulose derivatives, quaternary cellulose has become a promising adsorbent for removing a wide range of environmental pollutants. Although numerous studies report high adsorption capacities, the practical application of quaternary cellulose is limited by challenges related to material stability and upscaling. This review critically analyses recent advances in the synthesis, characterization, and environmental performance of various quaternary cellulose structures. The capacity of these materials to adsorb anionic compounds, their adsorption mechanisms, and crucial limitations in regeneration efficiency are discussed. Key challenges that need to be addressed before large-scale implementation are identified, including the demand for systematic studies on long-term performance, environmental impact, and economic effectiveness.