Opacity predictions in plasmas under stellar conditions using deep learning

The aim of this work is to predict the opacity of plasmas under stellar conditions. We focus on iron and nickel, as these elements have been extensively investigated both theoretically and experimentally. In certain regimes, notably under nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium, calculating the spectral opacity can be computationally demanding. To mitigate this difficulty, we employ deep learning models to predict accurate opacities while achieving a substantial reduction in computational cost. Specifically, we develop and train a hybrid model that combines a convolutional neural network with a multilayer perceptron. The proposed approach provides both the spectral opacity over the 0-10 000 eV energy range, and the corresponding mean opacities for large sets of temperatures and mass densities, in close agreement with standard computational methods. The agreement is very satisfactory, except in the L- and M-shell energy ranges for nickel at high temperatures, where a very large number of emerging transitions leads to substantial discrepancies.