[Standardized Construction of Lung Cancer Organoids and Their Application Progress 
in the Precise Treatment of Lung...

Lung cancer is the malignancy with the highest incidence and mortality rates in China. Although significant progress has been made in its treatment due to the application of various novel therapeutic approaches, challenges remain in early diagnosis, as more than half of patients present with distant metastases at diagnosis, indicating a substantial gap compared to ideal precision therapy. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a novel personalized diagnostic and therapeutic model. Traditional cancer cell line models lack spatial structure and fail to accurately replicate the growth dynamics of native tissues; patient-derived xenograft models are costly and exhibit low transplantation success rates. In contrast, lung cancer organoids (LCOs) demonstrate superior genetic stability and rapid culture efficiency compared to other models, faithfully simulating the natural growth patterns of primary tumors and reducing animal dependency, making them particularly suitable for large-scale drug screening. However, despite rapid advancements in organoid technology, consensus has yet to be reached regarding standardized LCOs construction methods. This article systematically outlines the standardized development of LCOs models, their applications in precision lung cancer diagnosis and treatment, and recent progress, aiming to guide clinical implementation and improve patients' quality of life and survival outcomes.
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