CRISPR-CAS9-Mediated Genetic Enhancement and Metabolic Engineering of Medicinal Crops: An Integrative Review

This descriptive review comprehensively examines recent advances in the genetic improvement of medicinal plants through the application of CRISPR-Cas9 genome-editing technology, highlighting its transformative potential in biotechnology and pharmacognosy. The review systematically discusses the fundamental principles of the CRISPR-Cas9 system, including its mechanism of action, delivery strategies, and comparative advantages over conventional genome-editing techniques. Particular emphasis is placed on the genetic enhancement of medicinal plant species to improve the qualitative and quantitative production of bioactive secondary metabolites through targeted modification of key genetic traits. In addition, the review explores the application of CRISPR-Cas9 for enhancing stress tolerance, environmental adaptability, and the regulation of metabolic biosynthetic pathways. Representative case studies involving medicinal plant species, including Artemisia annua and Catharanthus roseus, are critically evaluated to demonstrate the successful implementation of CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome editing. Furthermore, the review discusses the synergistic integration of metabolic engineering, omics technologies, and synthetic biology for optimizing secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Finally, it highlights the growing role of next-generation genome-editing technologies, particularly CRISPR-Cas9, in advancing sustainable phytopharmaceutical and nutraceutical research and facilitating the development of high-value medicinal plant resources.