Disrupted proprioceptive timing estimates contribute to upper limb motor impairment in chronic stroke

In this task, the participants' (p < 0.01) and variability (p < 0.01) than controls, indicating impaired proprioceptive timing in a task that did not require active motor output from the tested limb. Larger proprioceptive timing errors were strongly correlated with poor performance on VGR (ρ > 0.57, p < 0.01) and APM in individuals with stroke (ρ > 0.49, p < 0.01). These results suggest that the estimation of timing for dynamic sensory signals is disrupted in individuals with stroke and likely contributes to dysfunction in coordinated movement and static estimations of limb position.