Animal organoids as models for integrated One Health research

Emerging infectious diseases, driven by climate change, urbanization, and global wildlife trade, pose significant threats to public health, ecosystems, and biodiversity. The One Health (OH) approach, which emphasizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health, is critical to address these challenges. In this context, animal organoids have emerged as innovative in vitro models that can advance OH goals. Organoids are 3-dimensional (3D) structures that closely resemble the cellular composition, organization, and function of the organ they mimic. This review outlines the steps to establish organoid systems and provides an overview of the different animal organoid types developed to date and their contribution to OH. We further explore the applications of these new approach methodologies in the context of OH in studying cross-species diseases, zoonotic infections, environmental pollutant, chemical biocides toxicity, antimicrobial resistance, animal breeding, and pandemic preparedness.