Unraveling the multifaceted applications of Spirulina: a comprehensive review

The filamentous cyanobacterium Spirulina has become one of the most promising microalgae in contemporary biotechnology because of its remarkable nutritional profile, metabolic adaptability, and environmental adaptation. This thorough analysis highlights Spirulina's function as a sustainable bioresource while examining its many uses in various biotechnological fields. Phycocyanin, polysaccharides, and other substances with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, along immunomodulatory properties are among the pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical uses covered in depth. Spirulina is also useful in animal feed, cosmeceuticals, agriculture as a biofertilizer and bio stimulant, and environmental biotechnology, especially in CO₂ sequestration and wastewater treatment. Its versatility is shown by its new opportunities in genetic engineering, biofuel production, pigment extraction, and even space biotechnology. Ongoing advancements in metabolic engineering and sustainable processing are opening the door for its industrial expansion despite obstacles relating to cultivation cost, scalability, and regulatory harmonization. Overall, this research underscores the immense potential of spirulina as a cornerstone of the circular bioeconomy, offering comprehensive solutions for future space exploration, environmental sustainability, nutrition, and health.