Examining determinants of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and acceptance among Arab university students: A regional scoping review

This scoping review consolidates survey research conducted among university students across the League of Arab States to understand the nature and extent of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and acceptance. Using PRISMA-ScR guidelines, a search was conducted across 10 databases covering publications from 2020 to 2024. Fifty-three studies met the inclusion criteria. Reported determinants of vaccine acceptance and hesitancy aligned with key constructs of the Health Belief Model, including perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, and perceived barriers. Concerns regarding vaccine safety, effectiveness, and side effects were among the most frequently reported reasons for hesitancy, while perceived protection of self and others, trust in health authorities, and institutional requirements were associated with vaccine acceptance. Findings suggest that vaccine decision-making among university students was influenced by an interaction of individual, familial, social, and informational factors. These results help inform future vaccination communication, education, and public health strategies in university settings across the region.