PGS-GS: a framework integrating polygenic scores and genomic selection in animal breeding

Genomic prediction has become a central paradigm in biology, enabling quantitative inference of genetic contributions to complex traits across humans, animals, and plants. Although genomic research in human genetics and animal breeding shares a highly homologous methodological foundation, significant barriers persist in their analytical paradigms and application scenarios. This study aims to promote cross-disciplinary integration by introducing human-derived polygenic scores (PGS) algorithms into animal genomic selection (GS) and proposing a PGS-GS framework with a preliminary weighting-based implementation. We systematically benchmarked the predictive performance and computational efficiency of 20 algorithms, including classical linear models, machine learning, PGS, and PGS-GS using both array and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data across four major agricultural species: beef cattle, sheep, pigs, and chickens. Our results demonstrate that PGS and PGS-GS algorithms achieve predictive accuracy competitive with genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP) while offering markedly higher computational efficiency. Moreover, incorporating PGS-derived prior information into weighted linear and non-linear models outperformed conventional weighted GBLUP. The results provide empirical evidence to inform algorithm selection and highlight the potential of integrating human-derived PGS methodologies into animal genomic prediction frameworks.