Classification and Diagnosis of Vascular Anomalies

Vascular anomalies are disorders of the endothelium affecting approximately 5% of the population. Lesions are divided into tumors and malformations. The most common tumors are infantile hemangioma, congenital hemangioma, kaposiform hemangioendothelioma, and pyogenic granuloma. The major types of malformations include capillary, lymphatic, venous, and arteriovenous. Vascular anomalies can have a similar appearance, but their natural history, morbidity, and prognosis are different. Before treating a vascular anomaly, its diagnosis must be confirmed. Diagnosis typically is made by history and physical examination. Imaging, histopathology, and genetic testing can aid diagnosis and management.