Epidemiology of Traumatic and Nontraumatic Spinal Cord Injury: Impact of Demographic Changes and Regional Differences

Spinal cord injury (SCI) remains a major cause of disability worldwide, with distinct epidemiologic patterns between traumatic (TSCI) and nontraumatic SCI (NTSCI). Recent demographic shifts, particularly population aging, have led to a growing proportion of NTSCI, largely driven by degenerative and neoplastic conditions. Regional differences are substantial, with low-income and middle-income countries still facing a high burden of trauma-related injuries. Early diagnosis and timely surgical intervention, are critical for improving outcomes. In parallel, long-term care models and prevention strategies must adapt to aging populations. Understanding these evolving epidemiologic trends is essential for guiding clinical management and health policy planning.