Branching Varies with Light Limitation Scenarios in relation with Changes in Carbon Source-Sink Dynamics

Bud outgrowth is a major component of plant architectural plasticity and is influenced by light conditions. While the inhibitory effect of low light intensity on branching is well documented, the underlying regulators remain debated and, especially, the role of sugar availability has never been thoroughly evaluated. Here, we combined experiments with a computational approach quantifying carbon source-sink balance in single-axis rose plants to investigate how continuous and transient light limitation regulate bud outgrowth. Continuous low light reduced photosynthesis, leading to decreased sugar availability and inhibited bud outgrowth. In contrast, a transient period of low light followed by high light unexpectedly stimulated bud outgrowth, shortened the delay between outgrowth of successive buds, and produced an over-branched phenotype. This response resulted from a non-reversible reduction in the growth of apical organs appearing under low light, which lowered carbon demand and caused sugar over-accumulation after the return to high light. Manipulating carbon supply and demand through leaf masking, photosynthetic inhibition, and targeted sucrose feeding supported a causal contribution of sugar availability in these contrasting responses. Beyond these findings, key requirements for models simulating branching plasticity were identified and this work provides a basis for predicting branching responses under fluctuating and complex light environments.