[Research progress in MALT lymphoma of the ocular adnexa]

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, a subtype of extranodal marginal zone lymphoma, is the most prevalent primary non-Hodgkin lymphoma involving ocular adnexal structures, including the orbit, conjunctiva, and lacrimal gland. Epidemiological studies have consistently shown a global upward trend in its incidence over recent decades. Accumulating evidence underscores that the synergistic effects of genetic alterations and chronic antigen stimulation (such as microbial infections or autoimmune responses) play a critical role in driving tumorigenesis through tumor microenvironmental remodeling. However, the distinct histopathological characteristics and intricate molecular regulatory networks pose substantial challenges to clinical management, especially in terms of differential diagnosis and therapeutic optimization. This review systematically summarizes the latest advances in genetic heterogeneity and immune microenvironment dynamics of ocular adnexal MALT lymphoma, and proposes multi-omics integrated analytical approaches to inform precision diagnostic frameworks and targeted therapeutic strategies.