Development and validation of simulation models for thoracoscopic and percutaneous cryoanalgesia training

To develop and validate simulation models for thoracoscopic and percutaneous cryoanalgesia and compare biological with synthetic designs.

Four cryoanalgesia simulation models (percutaneous and thoracoscopic, biological and synthetic) were developed and evaluated. First, we utilized biological components (porcine or caprine ribs integrated into 3D-printed platforms). After, we employed synthetic models using 3D-printed ribs with ballistic gel or thermosensitive conductive material. The models were used during structured training sessions led by chest wall surgical specialists.

evaluated six domains for percutaneous simulation models and five for thoracoscopic models using a 5-point Likert scale. Demographic data and surgical experience were recorded. Comparisons between biological and synthetic models were performed using Student's t-test.

Biological models were used by 24 specialists, 62.5% had over 10 years of surgical experience. Synthetic models were evaluated by 14 specialists, with 57% having over 5 years of experience. All the models achieved high ratings across the eleven evaluated domains, with mean scores being consistently ≥4, and an overall pooled mean score of 4.46/5. There were no statistical differences between biological and synthetic models in any of the assessed characteristics.

All four simulation models provided realistic and effective training platforms for thoracoscopic and percutaneous cryoanalgesia. Synthetic models demonstrated equivalent performance to biological models while offering advantages in durability, portability, and sustainability. These models represent a valuable tool for structured training and may help shorten the learning curve for pediatric thoracic cryoanalgesia.