Review on Intraocular Pressure-Sensing Systems from Fabrication to Applications

Intraocular pressure (IOP) is amenable to direct regulation and a critical indicator for numerous ocular disorders. Continuous, long-term IOP monitoring provides indispensable clinical data, supporting early diagnosis, risk stratification, and personalized treatment. This review comprehensively summarizes the working principles, key performance metrics, and clinical progress of wearable and implantable IOP sensors. The text elucidates the structural integration of wireless power supplies, signal transmission, and artificial intelligence within wireless IOP monitoring systems. Furthermore, manufacturing and optimization strategies are highlighted, and the considerable advantages of nanomaterials and micro/nanostructures are comprehensively summarized, emphasizing their crucial role in current IOP monitoring devices. Additionally, the diverse applications of IOP sensors in disease diagnosis and therapeutic management are discussed, underscoring their potential for personalized and precision medicine, alongside the challenges remaining in their clinical translation. Finally, current bottlenecks and limitations are addressed, outlining potential solutions, future trends, and potential breakthroughs in next-generation IOP monitoring.