Introduction to the special issue "from insult to resolution: Cellular and vascular dynamics in neuroinflammation"

Neuroinflammation is increasingly recognized as a central determinant of neurological disease progression, recovery, and therapeutic response. Rather than functioning as a uniformly beneficial or detrimental process, immune activity in the nervous system is highly dependent on cellular identity, vascular compartment, timing, and disease context. This Special Issue, "From Insult to Resolution: Cellular and Vascular Dynamics in Neuroinflammation," brings together reviews and commentaries examining the interplay among microglia, monocyte-derived macrophages, neutrophils, platelets, endothelial cells, perivascular immune cells, and lymphocytes across acute and chronic neurological disorders. The contributions address mechanisms ranging from leukocyte-endothelial interactions, immunothrombosis, microvascular obstruction, and post-recanalization no-reflow to innate immune sensing, phagocytosis, efferocytosis, vascular dysfunction, and tissue repair. Collectively, they emphasize that effective therapeutic strategies will require moving beyond generalized immunosuppression toward context- and stage-specific modulation of harmful and reparative immune pathways. Integrating insights from stroke, vascular cognitive impairment, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, and neurodegeneration, this collection highlights neuroimmune and neurovascular interactions as key determinants of tissue injury, resolution, and functional recovery.