A Systematic Review of Empirical Data from Behavior Analysis on Anti-Black Bias

Despite growing attention to diversity, equity and inclusion (DEI), empirical research on anti-Black bias within behavior analysis remains scarce. This systematic review followed PRISMA guidelines and adopted a methodological and conceptual framework grounded in behavior analysis to identify and examine 23 empirical studies published in 27 behavior-analytic journals between 1964 and 2026. The selected studies were categorized into three methodological domains: (1) cross-sectional and correlational surveys; (2) validity of implicit and explicit measures for detecting anti-Black bias; and (3) experimental interventions on anti-Black bias. Cross-sectional and correlational studies examined associations between values, psychological flexibility, mental health, and racial attitudes, highlighting contextual influences on bias. Measurement studies primarily used relational frame theory-based tools, including the implicit relational assessment procedure (IRAP) and the Function Acquisition Speed Test (FAST), demonstrating sensitivity to implicit anti-Black biases not captured by self-report measures. Intervention studies included equivalence-based training, particularly with children, showing promising but preliminary effects in modifying biased relational networks. Interventions with adults also yielded favorable outcomes, especially those involving values clarification and exposure to relationally inconsistent stimuli. Across cross-sectional studies, common limitations included reliance on convenience samples, incomplete reporting of sampling procedures, and inadequate control of confounding variables. Experimental studies frequently lacked control groups or baseline comparability included limited follow-up assessments, and relied on self-report or emerging measures with limited validation. Overall, findings highlight the need for a more cumulative, conceptually precise, and functionally grounded research agenda to advance antiracist efforts within behavior analysis.

The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s40614-026-00506-3.