Chatbots and Mental Health: Past, Present, and Future

Tens of millions of people are already using chatbots as psychotherapists. Many find them helpful, but some are gravely harmed. This column helps clinicians understand the long history of chatbots; why they have suddenly burst on the scene now; current indications and contraindications; future risks and benefits; and how to identify and treat chatbot-induced disorders. A hybrid model will likely become increasingly prevalent, with human clinicians and chatbots working together to synergize each other's strengths and cancel each other's weaknesses. Chatbots are rapidly infiltrating our field. Clinicians cannot afford to be complacent in learning to adapt to the rapidly changing mental health landscape.