Functional identification of the key gene Eh-fadB in nicosulfuron degradation by Enterobacter hormaechei ES1 based on...

Nicosulfuron is a sulfonylurea herbicide with residues that pose ecological risks in agricultural soils. Here we elucidated the degradation mechanism of Enterobacter hormaechei ES1 through whole-genome sequencing, transcriptomics, metabolomics, gene knockout, heterologous expression, and soil bioremediation assays. Under nicosulfuron stress, ES1 upregulated antioxidant enzymes including SOD, POD, and CAT, along with glutathione synthesis, to scavenge excess reactive oxygen species. HPLC-TOF-MS identified degradation intermediates such as ADMP and ASDM, indicating initial cleavage of the sulfonylurea bridge. Integrated multi-omics prioritized Eh-fadB, encoding a fatty acid β-oxidation multifunctional enzyme, as a novel degradative gene. Targeted knockout of Eh-fadB reduced nicosulfuron degradation from 87.6% to 37.04%, while genetic complementation restored nearly full activity. Purified Eh-FadB directly converted nicosulfuron, with optimal performance at 30 °C and pH 5-6; its activity was enhanced by Na⁺ and Pb²⁺ but inhibited by Fe³⁺. Molecular docking and dynamics identified His-450 and Asn-427 as key residues for substrate binding. In contaminated soil, inoculation with ES1 reduced nicosulfuron content within 21 days and promoted recovery of dehydrogenase and urease activities. This study provides the first genetic and biochemical evidence that a FadB-type enzyme participates in nicosulfuron catabolism, supporting sulfonylurea bridge cleavage and its potential for soil bioremediation.