Intelligent Plasmonic Bio-Holoelectrochemical Systems: A Testable Architecture for Light-Programmed Microbial...

Microbial electrochemical systems couple extracellular electron transfer with substrate oxidation or CO₂ reduction, but their performance is constrained by biofilm heterogeneity, transport gradients, electrode polarization, and community drift. This review examines intelligent plasmonic bio-holoelectrochemical systems (iPBHS) as an evidence-derived reference architecture integrating transparent bioelectrochemical reactors, optically addressable electrodes, structured-light delivery, spatial sensing, and model-predictive control. The synthesis focuses on four themes: plasmonic modulation of biomass-normalized electron transfer, spatial transfer of projected photon fields into electrochemical responses, feedback control under safety and conservation constraints, and electron-product carbon routing. Particular attention is given to mechanistic discrimination using resonant and off-resonant illumination, temperature-equivalent and structurally matched controls, spatially resolved measurements, and factorial interaction analysis. Evidence from microbial electrosynthesis, plasmonic photoelectrochemistry, optogenetic biofilms, digital twins, and reactor-scale engineering is critically compared, while incompatible component-level gains are not pooled. Carbon, electron, energy, and life-cycle accounting provide the basis for evaluating system performance and scalability. No complete iPBHS prototype has yet been demonstrated, making cumulative validation of its constituent mechanisms the central research priority.