Related Experiment Video
Updated: Sep 19, 2026

Comparing Eye-tracking Data of Children with High-functioning ASD, Comorbid ADHD, and of a Control Watching Social Videos
Published on: December 7, 2018
Identification of Early Temperament Profiles in Infants at Elevated Likelihood for Autism and
Girija Kadlaskar1,2, Ana-Maria Iosif3, Sally Ozonoff1
1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and MIND Institute, University of California, Davis.
Abstract:
Autism and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) likely share some common developmental pathways, suggesting the potential for overlapping early risk factors, including aspects of temperament. We employed a transdiagnostic, data-driven approach to identifying temperament-based subgroups at 12 and 18 months across infants at elevated and low genetic likelihood for autism and ADHD. Results revealed general continuity in early temperament, with many infants remaining in well-regulated/socially engaged subgroup (73%), while some (27%) showed shifts over time toward heightened negative reactivity, greater inhibition, and/or reduced social engagement during the toddler period. Importantly, not all infants/toddlers who later met criteria for autism or showed preschool concerns for ADHD demonstrated negative-reactive/inhibitory temperament traits during early development. However, certain temperament profiles were associated with autism and ADHD traits regardless of clinical outcome. Findings contribute to a better understanding of early transdiagnostic markers, and the nuanced developmental pathways related to autism and ADHD.
Related Concept Videos
Socioemotional Development during Infancy
Primary Temperament Types
Stella Chess...
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings.
Autism Spectrum Disorder
These core symptoms manifest differently among individuals, ranging from mild to severe. The disorder's complexity extends beyond its clinical presentation, encompassing a diverse range of biological, cognitive, and sociocultural influences.
Modeling in Therapy
Participant Modeling
Participant modeling involves therapists demonstrating calm and effective behaviors in situations...
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Diagnostic Criteria and...
Relationship with Parents: Attachment
