Beyond parallel pathways: molecular integration and functional crosstalk between autophagy and endocytosis in plants

Autophagy and endocytosis represent two fundamental membrane trafficking pathways that are essential for cellular homeostasis, stress responses, and development in plants. While traditionally studied as independent processes, mounting evidence reveals extensive crosstalk between these pathways at multiple levels, including shared molecular machinery, convergent trafficking routes, and coordinated regulation. This review examines the molecular mechanisms underlying the interplay between autophagy and endocytosis in plants, highlighting recent discoveries of shared protein complexes, membrane contact sites, and regulatory networks. Additionally, this review discusses how these pathways cooperate during stress responses, nutrient recycling, and protein quality control while also exploring their distinct roles in plant immunity and development. Understanding the intricate relationship between autophagy and endocytosis provides crucial insights into plant cell biology and offers potential strategies for improving stress tolerance and crop productivity.