[Recent advances in the assembly and functional applications of synthetic genomes]

With the development of DNA synthesis and genome engineering technology, life science research has gradually evolved from gene editing to higher-level genome writing. By designing and constructing large-scale DNA fragments and even complete genomes from scratch, researchers have been able to reconstruct the genetic structures of life systems at the genome scale, which enables the systematical study of the relationship between genome structure and function. Related studies have achieved remarkable progress in various biological systems such as prokaryotes, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and mammalian cells and have shown broad application prospects of this technology in functional gene screening, biological manufacturing, medical research, and basic life science research. This paper systematically reviews the main progress in large-scale DNA design and assembly technology, summarizes the research progress of synthetic genomes in different biological systems and their potential in functional gene screening and biotechnology applications, and discusses the current technical challenges and future development directions, aiming to provide a reference for the research and application of synthetic genome engineering.