Current molecular targeting in solid tumors: Progress and perspectives

Oncoproteins, products of oncogenes, are critical drivers of malignant transformation and tumor progression by dysregulating cellular growth, differentiation, and survival pathways. This study aims to summarize the significant achievements in oncoprotein-targeted precision cancer therapy, delineate the persistent challenges hindering its broader application, and explore promising future directions for overcoming these hurdles and expanding the therapeutic impact. This review uses a systematic approach to identify, select, and synthesize relevant literature from various electronic databases. The search includes terms like "oncoprotein," "tumor protein," "precision cancer therapy," "molecular therapy," and "cancer." Precision cancer therapy, guided by the identification of oncoproteins, has yielded remarkable successes, notably with inhibitors targeting BCR-ABL in chronic myeloid leukemia, EGFR in lung cancer, and HER2 in breast cancer. Despite these successes, significant challenges remain, including the emergence of acquired drug resistance, tumor heterogeneity, and the lack of actionable oncoproteins in many cancer types. Future directions involve developing next-generation inhibitors, exploring combination therapies to circumvent resistance, and leveraging advanced genomic and proteomic profiling to uncover novel targets.