Targeted Phenolic Profile, Biological Activities, Cytotoxicity, and Mineral Content of Gagea granatellii (Liliaceae)

Gagea granatellii was evaluated for its targeted phenolic profile, antioxidant capacity, antimicrobial activity, urease-inhibitory potential, cytotoxicity, and mineral content. Liquid chromatography-heated electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HESI-MS/MS) analysis of 29 targeted phenolic compounds revealed kaempferol as the dominant compound in the flower ethanol extract (211.948 µg/g dry weight). In bulb extracts, ellagic acid was highest in the methanol extract (6.925 µg/g), whereas syringic aldehyde (5.564 µg/g) and ferulic acid (2.619 µg/g) were prominent in the water extract. Among the biological assays, the flower water extract showed the strongest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of 0.003 mg/mL, whereas the flower methanol extract exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pyogenes, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.097 mg/mL. The bulb ethanol extract showed the strongest urease inhibition (IC₅₀: 6.01 mg/mL). Mineral analysis revealed high potassium and calcium contents, particularly in flowers, while cytotoxicity assays indicated biocompatibility up to 500 µg/mL. The findings of the present study indicate that G. granatellii is a promising source of phenolic constituents with antioxidant, antimicrobial, urease-inhibitory, and biocompatible properties.