Mechanical, Redox, and Bioelectrical Coupling in Hydrogels for Cutaneous Regeneration: Network Design and...

Cutaneous wound healing is governed by dynamically interacting mechanical, redox, and bioelectrical signals that regulate cell migration, inflammation, angiogenesis, extracellular-matrix remodeling, and tissue regeneration. Hydrogels are increasingly engineered to modulate these cues; however, most systems are still described through independently measured properties such as stiffness, antioxidant activity, and conductivity, without demonstrating functional coupling among them. This review examines regenerative hydrogels from a cross-domain perspective, integrating the biological basis of mechanotransduction, redox signaling, endogenous bioelectricity, and their molecular convergence with the network-level mechanisms that control hydrogel behavior. Particular emphasis is placed on dynamic crosslinking, viscoelastic relaxation, hydration, redox-active chemistry, ionic and electronic transport, conductive and piezoelectric phases, and degradation-dependent evolution of material function. A conceptual hierarchy is proposed to distinguish property coexistence, structural integration, directional transduction, and adaptive feedback, together with experimental criteria and quantitative approaches for evaluating coupling. Current evidence indicates that mechanoelectrical coupling is the most mature, whereas mechanoredox and redox-electrical interactions remain less systematically quantified. Moving beyond descriptive multifunctionality toward controllable cross-domain transduction may enable hydrogels to function as adaptive soft interfaces capable of responding to the evolving physicochemical conditions of cutaneous regeneration.