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Updated: Oct 1, 2026

Meta-Analysis of the Effectiveness and Safety of Shugan Jieyu Capsules for the Treatment of Insomnia
Published on: February 17, 2023
Comparison of standardized and non-standardized Japanese translations of the Athens Insomnia Scale
Yuta Takano1,2,3, Isa Okajima2,3,4, Hiroshi Kadotani3
1Department of Somnology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
Purpose:
Standardized and non-standardized Japanese translations of the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS) have been used interchangeably. This study examined whether the non-standardized Japanese translation is equivalent to the standardized translation.
Methods:
A total of 1642 city government employees participated in this study. They completed both the standardized and non-standardized Japanese translations of the AIS.
Results:
Item scores (weighted kappa coefficients = 0.614-0.819), total scores (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.883), and insomnia severity classifications (weighted kappa coefficient = 0.798) were statistically consistent between the translations.
Conclusions:
Our findings suggest that non-standardized translation can be used to assess insomnia symptoms.