Metalloimmunotherapies: metal-driven regulatory networks in the immune microenvironment

Metal ions, as common endogenous signaling molecules, play a crucial role in immune homeostasis and inflammation regulation. This paper systematically elucidates the molecular mechanisms by which iron, manganese, zinc, copper, magnesium, cobalt, nickel, lithium, silver, gold, and rare earth elements cerium, yttrium and lanthanum regulate inflammation through NF-κB, MAPK, AKT, STAT, and ROS pathways. It proposes establishing a closed-loop "metal-immunotherapeutic efficacy" database to lay the theoretical foundation for the development of metal immune-materials genomics.