Observed effects of improvisational theater on personal growth: A scoping review

Drama has long been used as a modality for promoting personal growth; still, new approaches continue to emerge. This scoping review aimed to chart evidence on the administration of improvisational theater (a form of unscripted performance) for personal growth and to identify directions for future research and practice. Conducted in line with Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) guidelines, this review included empirical studies examining the effects of theatrical improv on personal growth, with no limitations on participants, regions, or publication periods. Systematic searches of four databases (PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) were conducted on June 29, 2026. The reference lists of included studies and citing articles identified through citation tracking were then manually searched. Two independent reviewers screened and selected studies, and discrepancies were resolved through discussion and mutual consensus. Study characteristics, primary outcomes, intervention design, and study design were extracted and analyzed descriptively. The review included 73 studies. Mapped onto a framework structured by the bio-psycho-social-spiritual (BPSS) model and Erikson's psychosocial developmental stages, outcomes were predominantly concentrated in the psychological and social domains, particularly among young adults, whereas the biological and spiritual domains were sparsely represented. Across all age groups, each population demonstrated specific thematic patterns. Positive effects were reported in the majority of studies, though notable heterogeneity in intervention and study designs was observed. Theatrical improv showed preliminary positive effects on personal growth-particularly in communication, creativity, and well-being-supporting its use as a low-intensity, adaptable foundation for specialized applied improv programs beyond psychotherapy and education.